Аннотация: Статья посвящена проблеме быстрого роста в последние десятилетия электоральной поддержки радикальных правых партий в странах Западной, Центральной и Восточной Европы. В первой части статьи обсуждает общее теоретическое основание подходов к этой проблеме в научной литературе – общественные изменения, вызванные модернизацией и глобализацией, и основные разновидности этих подходов. Одна из них предполагает повышение общественного «спроса» на популистскую и националистическую идеологию, а другая – появление благоприятных политических возможностей, обусловленное электоральными институтами пропорциональных многопартийных систем и стратегиями партийной конкуренции, ведущими к изменению поляризации партийной системы в экономическом и социально-культурном измерениях. Дается краткий обзор эмпирических исследований, отмечается неоднозначность полученных результатов.

Ключевые слова: радикальные правые партии, выборы, теоретические основания и эмпирические факты, страны Европы

---

VOTING FOR RADICAL RIGHT PARTIES IN EUROPE: THE ROLE OF CULTURAL CHANGE AND PARTY POLARIZATION (Part 1)

Viacheslav V. Safronov — Senior Fellow, Sociological Institute of the Federal Center of Theoretical and Applied Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences

doi:10.33491/telescope2018.602

Summary: The article is devoted to the problem of rapid growth in recent decades of electoral support for radical right-wing parties in Western, Central and Eastern Europe. The first part of the article discusses the general theoretical foundation of approaches to this problem in the scientific literature - social changes caused by modernization and globalization, and the main varieties of these approaches. One of them assumes that there is an increase in public "demand" for populist and nationalist ideology, while the other indicates the emergence of favorable political opportunities due to electoral institutions of proportional multi-party systems and strategies of party competition, leading to a change in the polarization of the party system in the economic and socio-cultural dimensions. A brief review of empirical studies is given, and the ambiguity of the results is noted.

Key-words: radical right parties, parliamentary elections, theories and empirical facts, European countries

References

• Arzheimer K. (2009). Contextual Factors and the Extreme Right Vote in Western Europe, 1980–2002. American Journal of Political Science. Vol. 53. No. 2. P. 259–275. DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-5907.2009.00369.x
• Arzheimer K. (2011). Electoral Sociology: Who Votes for the Extreme Right and Why - and When? The Extreme Right in Europe: Current Trends and Perspectives. Ed. by U. Backes, P. Moreau. G?ttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht. P. 35–50. DOI: 10.13109/9783666369223.35
• Arzheimer K. (2018). Explaining Electoral Support for the Radical Right. The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right. Ed. by J. Rydgren. New York: Oxford University Press. P. 143-165. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274559.013.8
• Arzheimer K., Carter E. (2006). Political Opportunity Structures and Right-Wing Extremist Party Success. European Journal of Political Research. Vol. 45. No. 3. P. 419–443. DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-6765.2006.00304.x
• Bornschier S. (2018). Globalization, Cleavages, and the Radical Right. The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right. Ed. by J. Rydgren. New York: Oxford University Press. P. 212-238. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274559.013.11
• Bustikova L. (2014). Revenge of the Radical Right. Comparative Political Studies. Vol. 47. No. 12. P. 1738–1765. DOI: 10.1177/0010414013516069
• Bu?t?kov? L. (2018). The Radical Right in Eastern Europe. The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right. Ed. by J. Rydgren. New York: Oxford University Press. P. 565-581. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274559.013.28
• Carter E. (2005). The Extreme Right in Western Europe: Success or Failure? Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press. 288 p.
• Coff? H. (2018). Gender and the Radical Right. The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right. Ed. by J. Rydgren. New York: Oxford University Press. P. 200-211. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274559.013.10
• Dolezal M., Hutter S. (2012). Participation and party choice: comparing the demand side of the new cleavage across arenas. Political Conflict in Western Europe. Ed. by H. Kriesi, E. Grande, M. Dolezal, M. Helbling, D. Hёoglinger, S. Hutter, B. Wёuest. New York: Cambridge University Press. P. 67-95. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781139169219.006
• Georgiadou V., Rori L., Roumanias C. (2018). Mapping the European far right in the 21st century: A meso-level analysis. Electoral Studies. Vol. 54 (Aug.). P. 103–115. DOI: 10.1016/j.electstud.2018.05.004
• Golder M. (2003). Explaining Variation in the Success of Extreme Right Parties in Western Europe. Comparative Political Studies. Vol. 36. No. 4. P. 432-466. DOI: 10.1177/0010414003251176
• Golder M. (2016). Far Right Parties in Europe. Annual Review of Political Science. Vol. 19. P. 477–497. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-polisci-042814-012441
• Ignazi P. (1992). The Silent Counter-Revolution. Hypotheses on the Emergence of Extreme Right-Wing Parties in Europe. European Journal of Political Research. Vol. 22. No. 1. P. 3–34. DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-6765.1992.tb00303.x
• Ignazi P. (2006) [2003]. Extreme Right Parties in Western Europe. New York: Oxford University Press. 310 p. DOI: 10.1093/0198293259.001.0001
• Inglehart R. (1977). The Silent Revolution: Changing Values and Political Styles among Western Publics. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 495 p.
• Inglehart R. (1990). Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 504 p.
• Inglehart R. (1997). Modernization and Postmodernization: Cultural, Economic, and Political Change in 43 Societies. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 464 p.
• Inglehart R., Norris P. (2016). Trump, Brexit, and the Rise of Populism: Economic Have-Nots and Cultural Backlash. HKS Working Paper. No. RWP16-026. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2818659
• Inglehart R., Norris P. (2017). Trump and the Populist Authoritarian Parties: The Silent Revolution in Reverse. Perspectives on Politics. Vol. 15. No. 2. P. 443-454. DOI: 10.1017/S1537592717000111
• Inglehart R., Welzel C. (2005). Modernization, Cultural Change and Democracy: The Human Development Sequence. New York: Cambridge University Press. 344 p. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511790881
• Jackman R.W., Volpert K. (1996). Conditions Favouring Parties of the Extreme Right in Western Europe. British Journal of Political Science. Vol. 26. No. 4. P. 501-521. DOI: 10.1017/S0007123400007584
• Kitschelt H. (2007). Growth and Persistence of the Radical Right in Postindustrial Democracies: Advances and Challenges in Comparative Research. West European Politics. Vol. 30. No. 5. P. 1176-1206. DOI: 10.1080/01402380701617563
• Kitschelt H. (2018). Party Systems and Radical Right-Wing Parties. The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right. Ed. by J. Rydgren. New York: Oxford University Press. P. 166-199. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274559.013.9
• Kitschelt H., McGann A.J. (1995). The Radical Right in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. 332 p.
• Knigge P. (1998). The ecological correlates of right–wing extremism in Western Europe. European Journal of Political Research. Vol. 34. No. 2. P. 249-279. DOI: 10.1111/1475-6765.00407
• Koopmans R., Statham P., Giugni M., Passy F. (2005). Contested Citizenship: Immigration and Cultural Diversity in Europe. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 376 p. DOI: 10.1017/S153759270707123X
• Kriesi H., Grande E., Dolezal M., Helbling M., Hёoglinger D., Hutter S., Wёuest B. (2012). Political Conflict in Western Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press. 368 p. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781139169219
• Kriesi H., Grande E., Lachat R., Dolezal M., Bornschier S., Frey T. (2008). West European Politics in the Age of Globalization. New York: Cambridge University Press. 448 p. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511790720
• Lachat R., Dolezal M. (2008). Demand side: dealignment and realignment of the structural political potentials. West European Politics in the Age of Globalization. Ed by H. Kriesi, E. Grande, R. Lachat, M. Dolezal, S. Bornschier, T. Frey. New York: Cambridge University Press. P. 237-266. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511790720.011
• Lubbers M., Coenders M. (2017). Nationalistic attitudes and voting for the radical right in Europe. European Union Politics. Vol. 18. No. 1. P. 98–118. DOI: 10.1177/1465116516678932
• Lubbers M., Gijsberts M., Scheepers P. (2002). Extreme right-wing voting in Western Europe. European Journal of Political Research. Vol. 41. No. 3. P. 345-378. DOI: 10.1111/1475-6765.00015
• Meguid B.M. (2005). Competition between Unequals: The Role of Mainstream Party Strategy in Niche Party Success. American Political Science Review. Vol. 99. No. 3. P. 347-359. DOI: 10.1017/S0003055405051701
• Minkenberg M. (2002). The Radical Right in Postsocialist Central and Eastern Europe: Comparative Observations and Interpretations. East European Politics and Societies. Vol. 16. No. 2. P. 335–362. DOI: 10.1177/088832540201600201
• Minkenberg M. (2017). The Radical Right in Eastern Europe: Democracy under Siege? New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 194 p. DOI: 10.1057/978-1-137-56332-3
• Minkenberg M., Kossack O. (2015). Conclusions: Actors, interaction, and impact in comparison. Transforming the Transformation? The East European radical right in the political process. Ed. by M. Minkenberg. London and New York: Routledge. P. 349-359. DOI: 10.4324/9781315730578
• Mudde C. (2007). Populist radical right parties in Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press. 404 p. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511492037
• Mudde C. (2016). The Study of Populist Radical Right Parties: Towards a Fourth Wave. C-REX Working Paper Series. No. 1.
• Muis J., Immerzeel T. (2017). Causes and consequences of the rise of populist radical right parties and movements in Europe. Current Sociology Review. Vol. 65. No 6. P. 909–930. DOI: 10.1177/0011392117717294
• Norris P. (2005). Radical Right: Voters and Parties in the Electoral Market. New York: Cambridge University Press. 363 p. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511615955
• Norris P., Inglehart R. (2019). Cultural Backlash: Trump, Brexit, and Authoritarian Populism. New York: Cambridge University Press. 300 p. DOI: 10.1017/9781108595841
• Oesch D. (2008). Explaining Workers’ Support for Right-Wing Populist Parties in Western Europe: Evidence from Austria, Belgium, France, Norway, and Switzerland. International Political Science Review. Vol. 29. No. 3. P. 349–373. DOI: 10.1177/0192512107088390
• Oesch D. (2012). The Class Basis of the Cleavage between the New Left and the Radical Right: an analysis for Austria, Denmark, Norway and Switzerland. Class Politics and the Radical Right. Ed. by J. Rydren. London: Routledge. P. 31-51.
• Pytlas B. (2016). Radical Right Parties in Central and Eastern Europe: Mainstream Party Competition and Electoral Fortune. London, New York: Routledge. 242 p.
• Rydgren J. (2007). The Sociology of the Radical Right. Annual Review of Sociology. Vol. 33. P. 241–262. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.soc.33.040406.131752
• Rydgren J. (2017). Radical right-wing parties in Europe: What’s populism got to do with it? Journal of Language and Politics. Vol. 16. No. 4. P. 1-12. DOI: 10.1075/jlp.17024.ryd
• Rydgren J. (2018). The Radical Right: An Introduction. The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right. Ed. by J. Rydgren. New York: Oxford University Press. P. 1-14. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274559.013.1
• Spies D. (2013). Explaining working-class support for extreme right parties: A party competition approach. Acta Politica. Vol. 48. No. 3. P. 296–325. DOI: 10.1057/ap.2012.37
• Spies D., Franzmann S.T. (2011). A Two-Dimensional Approach to the Political Opportunity Structure of Extreme Right Parties in Western Europe. West European Politics. Vol. 34. No. 5. P. 1044-1069. DOI: 10.1080/01402382.2011.591096
• Swank D., Betz H-G. (2003). Globalization, the welfare state and right-wing populism in Western Europe. Socio-Economic Review. Vol. 1. No. 2. P. 215–245. DOI: 10.1093/soceco/1.2.215
• The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right (2018). Ed. by J. Rydgren. New York: Oxford University Press. 760 p. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274559.001.0001
• Van der Brug W., Fennema M., Tillie J. (2005). Why Some Anti-Immigrant Parties Fail and Others Succeed: A Two-Step Model of Aggregate Electoral Support. Comparative Political Studies. Vol. 38. No. 5. P. 537-573. DOI: 10.1177/0010414004273928